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Christian views on alcohol are varied. Throughout the first 1,800 years of church history, Christians consumed alcoholic beverages as a common part of everyday life and used "the fruit of the vine"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Matthew 26:29;Mark 14:25;Luke 22:18 )〕 in their central rite—the Eucharist or Lord's Supper. They held that both the Bible and Christian tradition taught that alcohol is a gift from God that makes life more joyous, but that over-indulgence leading to drunkenness is sinful or at least a vice.〔Raymond, p. 90.〕 The Bible indicates wine as a symbol of joy while "strong drink" is a euphemism for drunkenness. In the mid-19th century, some Protestant Christians moved from this historic position of allowing moderate use of alcohol (sometimes called ''moderationism'') to either deciding that not imbibing was wisest in the present circumstances (''abstentionism'') or prohibiting all ordinary consumption of alcohol because it was believed to be a sin (''prohibitionism''). Methodists advocated abstentionism and were early leaders in the temperance movement of the 19th and 20th centuries, which had followers from many Protestant churches. Today, all three of these positions exist in Christianity, but the historic position remains the most common worldwide, due to the adherence by the largest bodies of Christians, namely Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodoxy. == Alcohol in the Bible == (詳細はAlcoholic beverages appear in the Bible, both in usage and in poetic expression. The Bible is ambivalent toward alcohol, considering it both a blessing from God that brings merriment and a potential danger that can be unwisely and sinfully abused.〔 • • 〕 Christian views on alcohol come from what the Bible says about it, along with Jewish and Christian traditions. The biblical languages have several words for alcoholic beverages,〔〔Fitzsimmonds, pp. 1254f.〕 and though prohibitionists and some abstentionists dissent,〔 • Quoted in Reynolds, ''The Biblical Approach to Alcohol''.〕〔 • • • • 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=A Preview of ''Wine in the Bible'' )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Living in the Spirit: Be Not Drunk with Wine--Part 2 )〕 there is a broad consensus that the words did ordinarily refer to intoxicating drinks.〔〔〔〔 (Emphasis in original.) • • Quoted in 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】John F. MacArthur ">url=http://www.biblebb.com/files/macqa/70-11-3.htm ) • Pierard, p. 28: "No evidence whatsoever exists to support the notion that the wine mentioned in the Bible was unfermented grape juice. When juice is referred to, it is not called wine ((Gen. 40:11 )). Nor can 'new wine' ... mean unfermented juice, because the process of chemical change begins almost immediately after pressing."〕 The commonness and centrality of wine in daily life in biblical times is apparent from its many positive and negative metaphorical uses throughout the Bible.〔Raymond, p. 24: "The numerous allusions to the vine and wine in the Old Testament furnish an admirable basis for the study of its estimation among the people at large."〕 Positively, for example, wine is used as a symbol of abundance, and of physical blessing.〔(Ge 27:28; 49:9-12; Dt 7:13; 11:14; 15:14; compare 33:28; Pr 3:9f; Jr 31:10-12; Ho 2:21-22; Jl 2:19,24; 3:18; Am 9:13f; compare 2Ki 18:31-32; 2Ch 32:28; Ne 5:11; 13:12 ); etc.〕 Negatively, wine is personified as a mocker and beer a brawler,〔(Pr 20:1 )〕 and drinking a cup of strong wine to the dregs and getting drunk are sometimes presented as a symbol of God's judgment and wrath.〔(Ps 60:3; 75:8; Is 51:17-23; 63:6; Jr 13:12-14; 25:15-29; 49:12; 51:7; La 4:21f; Ezk 23:28-33; Na 1:9f; Hab 2:15f; Zc 12:2; Mt 20:22; 26:39, 42; Lk 22:42; Jn 18:11; Re 14:10; 16:19 ); compare Ps Sol (8:14 )〕 The Bible also speaks of wine in general terms as a bringer and concomitant of joy, particularly in the context of nourishment and feasting.〔(Jg 9:13; Ps 4:7; 104:15; Ec 9:7; 10:19; Zc 9:17; 10:7 )〕 Wine was commonly drunk at meals, and the Old Testament prescribed it for use in sacrificial rituals and festal celebrations.〔 The Gospel of John recorded the first miracle of Jesus: making copious amounts〔Six pots of thirty-nine liters each = 234 liters = 61.8 gallons, according to 〕 of wine at the wedding feast at Cana.〔(Jn 2:1-11; 4:46 )〕 Jesus instituted the ritual of the Eucharist at the Last Supper during a Passover celebration,〔(Mt 26:17-19; Mk 14:12-16; Lk 22:7-13 ). The Gospel of John offers some difficulties when compared with the Synoptists' accounts on whether the meal was part of the Passover proper. In any case, it seems that the Last Supper was most likely somehow associated with Passover, even if it was not the paschal feast itself. See the discussion in 〕 he says that the "fruit of the vine"〔Seesemann, p. 162: "Wine is specifically mentioned as an integral part of the passover meal no earlier than Jub. 49:6 (all Israel was eating the flesh of the paschal lamb, and drinking the wine ...' ), but there can be no doubt that it was in use long before." P. 164: "In the accounts of the Last Supper the term () occurs neither in the Synoptists nor Paul. It is obvious, however, that according to custom Jesus was proffering wine in the cup over which He pronounced the blessing; this may be seen especially from the solemn (of the vine'' ) (Mark 14:25 and par.) which was borrowed from Judaism." Compare "fruit of the vine" as a formula in the Mishnah, (【引用サイトリンク】title=Tractate Berakoth 6.1 )〕〔Raymond, p. 80: "All the wines used in basic religious services in Palestine were fermented."〕 is a "New Covenant in () blood,"〔(Mt 26:26-29; Mk 14:22-25; Lk 22:17-20; 1 Co 10:16; 11:23-25 )〕 though Christians have differed on the implications of this statement (see Eucharistic theologies contrasted). Alcohol was also used for medicinal purposes in biblical times, and it appears in that context in several passages—as an oral anesthetic,〔(Pr 31:4-7; Mt 27:34,48; Mk 15:23,36; Lk 23:36; Jn 19:28–30 )〕 a topical cleanser and soother,〔(Lk 10:34 )〕 and a digestive aid.〔(1 Ti 5:23 )〕 Kings and priests in the Old Testament were forbidden to partake of wine at various times.〔(Pr 31:4f; Lv 10:9; compare Ez 44:21 )〕 John the Baptist was a Nazarite from birth.〔Compare (Lk 1:15 ).〕 Nazarite vows excluded not only wine, but also vinegar, grapes, and raisins.〔(Nu 6:2-4 (compare Jg 13:4-5; Am 2:11f); Jr 35 )〕 (Jesus evidently did not take such a vow during the three years of ministry depicted in the gospels, but still strongly rejected the allegation of being a winebibber by Pharisees).〔(Mt 11:18f; Lk 7:33f; compare Mk 14:25; Lk 22:17f )〕〔I. W. Raymond p. 81: "Not only did Jesus Christ Himself use and sanction the use of wine but also ... He saw nothing intrinsically evil in wine."〕 St. Paul further instructs Christians regarding their duty toward immature Christians: "It is better not to eat meat or drink wine or to do anything else that will cause your brother to fall."〔(Ro 14:21 ). Raymond understands this to mean that "if an individual by drinking wine either causes others to err through his example or abets a social evil which causes others to succumb to its temptations, then in the interests of Christian love he ought to forego the temporary pleasures of drinking in the interests of heavenly treasures" (p. 87).〕 "Even today, () priests may not bless the congregation after having even a single glass of wine." 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= What is Judaism's take on alcohol consumption? - Questions & Answers )〕 Virtually all Christian traditions hold that the Bible condemns ordinary drunkenness in many passages,〔For instance, (Pr 20:1; Is 5:11f; Ho 5:2,5; Ro 13:13; Ep 5:18; 1 Ti 3:2-3 ).〕 and ''Easton's Bible Dictionary'' says, "The sin of drunkenness ... must have been not uncommon in the olden times, for it is mentioned either metaphorically or literally more than seventy times in the Bible."〔 Additionally, the consequences of the drunkenness of Noah〔(Ge 9:20-27 )〕 and Lot〔(Ge 19:31-38 )〕 "were intended to serve as examples of the dangers and repulsiveness of intemperance." St. Paul later chides the Corinthians for becoming drunk on wine served at their attempted celebrations of the Eucharist.〔(1Co 11:20-22 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Christian views on alcohol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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